It's time to review for our big test. This week, pick one thing from the review list and describe its significance. Be sure to list the who, what, when, where and why of your item. Ideally, you'd use this as a review tool so be thorough in your explaining so your classmates can be successful!
Mrs. Demmel
ATOMIC BOMB
ReplyDeleteWHO: It's testing began in Germany, but once Albert Einstein brought it under the attention of FDR, the Manhattan Project initiated with the goal of creating a weapon that will be decisive in WW2
WHAT: The Atomic Bomb was designed to harness the destructive power created through the chain reaction among uranium atoms.
WHEN: Einstein wrote to FDR on August 2nd, 1939, and on December 6th , 1941, FDR authorizes the Manhattan Project to create the atomic bomb. July 16th, 1945, the bomb is first tested and on August 6th, 1945, "Little Boy" is dropped on Hiroshima, Japan.
WHERE: The bomb was created in Los Alamos, New Mexico. It's first testing occured in Alamogordo, New Mexico. And finally, it was dropped on Hiroshima and then Nagasaki, Japan, for the purposes of WW2.
WHY: FDR first authorized the creation of the bomb to secure a place for US in the race to create the greatest weapon of destruction in WW2 and gain an upper hand over the war and its participants. Truman uses the bomb in order to, as he states, "completely destroy Japan's power to make war" (25-14 Harry S. Truman, Statement on the Atomic Bomb, 1945).
FIRESIDE CHATS
ReplyDeleteWHO: The Fireside Chats were hosted by then-sitting president Franklin D. Roosevelt.
WHAT: The series of radio broadcasts were FDR's method to explain the issues facing the United States and his proposed solutions (his New Deal programs) to them. The goal of the Fireside Chats was to educate the public in a way that would be reassuring, accessible, and understandable.
WHEN: They first began on March 12, 1933, following FDR's actions concerning the banking crisis.
WHERE: Chats were broadcast from the White House via radio programming. From there, they could reach virtually any corner of the United States that held a radio signal.
WHY: FDR used the Fireside Chats to communicate with the American public about current events and the White House's actions concerning them. He initially used them to explain how he was handling the financial crisis but when the speech quickly caught popularity, they became a regular occurrence as a way for the President to communicate and reassure the nation. The Chats helped boost FDR's standings and strengthened his public relations.
D-Day
ReplyDeleteWHO: On D-Day, 175,000 Allied troops and 20,000 vehicles landed on the Coast of Normandie. During the next six months, 1 million additional troops arrived in northern France. The Allied troops that participated in D-Day were primarily British and American.
WHAT: D-Day, also known as Operation Overlord, was the Allied invasion of Normandie in 1944. It led to the fall of Le Regime de Vichy and eventually helped the Allies defeat the Germans during World War II.
WHEN: D-Day occurred on June 6, 1944. In the six months that followed, Allied troops continued to land on the Normandie Coast. By August, France had been liberated.
WHERE: The Allied troops landed on Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches in northern France off the English Channel.
WHY: The goal of operation overlord was to liberate Nazi-occupied France from which the Allies could advance east, liberating other European countries. The Allies chose to invade Normandie at Omaha Beach because the Germans were expecting an attack at Calais.
Sources:
Delete"D-Day Airborne and Beach Assault." Airborne and Beach Assault. ARMY.MIL Features, 2014. Web. 15 Mar. 2014.
Faragher, John M., Mari J. Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many: A History of the American People; AP Edition. Sixth ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print.
NEW DEAL
ReplyDeleteWHO: The New Deal was a program instated by president Franklin Delano Roosevelt
WHAT: The New Deal was a group of experimental projects and government programs instated by president Franklin Delano Roosevelt shortly after taking office. These programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Social Security Act.
WHEN: The New Deal was instated during FDR's first one hundred days in office, between March and June of 1933. During this time FDR declared a 4 day national bank holiday, passed the majority of the new programs, and created various forms of insurance for the American people.
WHERE: The New Deal was obviously instated in the United States, but was intended for the areas with the largest unemployment rates. For example, states in the lower south were affected by the Tennessee Valley Authority, but the New Deal managed to help everyone in some way, regardless of where they lived.
WHY: The New Deal was instated to help the Americans out of the Great Depression. Many of the programs were made to provide jobs for the massive amounts of unemployed citizens (which reached up to 25% by 1933), while others provided insurance for bank accounts or the retired. Overall, the purpose of the New Deal was to get America back on its feet.
Holocaust
ReplyDeleteWHO: Hitler and the Nazi Party initiated the Holocaust.
WHAT: The Holocaust was a period of time marked by the cruel treatment, mass killings, and discrimination of Jewish people. Initially, they were told to identify themselves by wearing a Star of David, and were outlawed from certain privileges. Jewish people were gathered up, their homes and businesses were destroyed, and they were taken to concentration camps. There, they would work all day and be housed in inhumane conditions, and would be killed by the gas chambers.
WHERE: The Holocaust occurred in Germany.
WHEN: While discrimination is subjective, the Holocaust primarily happened between 1930-1945.
WHY: Adolf Hitler came up as the hero for Germany postbellum, and while boosting public morale, he blamed the entire ordeal onto the Jews. He argued for pure Aryan race, and convinced many that if the Jews were removed, their problems would disappear.
TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL
ReplyDelete>> Who: The Teapot Dome Scandal involved current Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall, who was investigated by Senator Charles J. Walsh. The scandal also reflected horribly on incumbent President Warren G. Harding.
>> What: In this event, Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased government-owned naval oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and California to private companies. This proved controversial because the lease was made without competitive bidding and at a very low price, and the oil companies subsequently made Fall rich. A later investigation uncovered the truth in a very public investigation, and Albert Fall was convicted of bribery in 1929. More importantly, though, was the impact the scandal had on the Harding administration, which lost even more popularity after Harding failed to react efficiently to the Great Railroad Strike and his veto of the Bonus Bill.
>> Where: The Teapot Dome oil fields were located in Wyoming, while two other California oil fields were involved. However, most of the investigation and subsequent prosecution occurred in Washington, D.C.
>> When:
- 1922: Harding transferred control of the naval oil reserves from the Navy to the Department of the Interior, headed by Albert Fall. Later that year, Fall leases the reserves to private companies and suspicious Thomas J. Walsh begins investigation.
- 1924: Conclusive evidence is found incriminating Fall. Trials begin.
- 1927: The Supreme Court rules that the leases had been obtained illegally and the reserves are returned to the Navy.
- 1929: Albert Fall is found guilty of bribery.
>> Why: The scandal was a result of corrupt politicians, specifically Albert B. Fall, and their desire to increase personal wealth at the detriment of the American public.
Adolf Hitler:
ReplyDeleteAdolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany, taking power, first as Chancellor then dictator in 1933. He led Germany into a national socialist and fascist regime that promised economic improvement and power. Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, or my struggles, a memoir, while he was in prison for a failed attempt at a coup. After Germany had lost World War I, there were major economic concerns with debt, and the entire country had been completely disarmed. Hitler was able to take over and turn these problems around in part, but he created many more when he started annexing near nations, and eventually led the Nazis to invade Poland in 1939. All of these things were in violation to the Treaty of Versailles, and the League of Nations issued a formal protest to Germany. Hitler continued on with the war, until he married his girlfriend Eva Braun, and kills himself two days later in April of 1945. This is shortly before the allied victory over the Axis powers.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
ReplyDeleteWHO: Iwo Jima-70,000 US Marines, Navy corpsmen and others, and US Army Air forces and 22,000 Japanese men
Okinawa-183,000 Americans for initial assault, 120,000 Japanese (including 40,000 Okinawans). The American operation was also met by waves of Japanese kamikaze pilots flying suicide missions.More Americans died or were wounded in Okinawa than at Normandy, and by the end of June, the Japanese had lost 140,000, including 42,000 civilians.
WHAT: Iwo Jima and Okinawa were both battles in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Battle of Iwo Jima, or Operation Detachment, was a major battle on the small but important island, while Battle of Okinawa, or Operation Iceberg, was a struggle for that island. It was the largest amphibious operation mounted by Americans in the Pacific war.
WHEN: The battle for Iwo Jima took place from February to March 1945. The invasion of Okinawa began on Easter Sunday, April 1, 1945 and ended in June 1945.
WHERE: -Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands
-Okinawa, 350 miles southwest of the home islands of Japan and the site of vital airbases
WHY: The goal of both battles were to capture and islands and secure bases for the US army and air forces. Iwo Jima and Okinawa were both part of the strategy to aid in the invasion of the Japanese main islands. Okinawa was especially important with its airbases and location from the Japanese mainland.
Pearl Harbor
ReplyDeleteWho: The Japanese
What: Bombed the United States Naval base in Hawaii destroying most of the Americans ships and aircrafts on the base killing over 2400 Americans.
When: December 7th, 1941
Where: At Pearl Harbor a United States military base on the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean
Why: Japanese forces took the offensive against America and in a surprise attack the Japanese felt destroyed millions of dollars of American military equipment and killed over 2400 Americans. This was the attack that sent America into World War 2. On December 9th, 1941 Franklin Roosevelt would give a speech to congress stating the "this day will live in infamy" and declaring war against Japan and the axis powers.
Yalta Conference
ReplyDeleteWho: Franklin D. Roosevelt (President of the U.S.), Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (Premier of the Soviet Union)
What: A meeting of the U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union formed in order to discuss the final stages of World War II and postwar arrangements for Europe and Germany after the war. Although Roosevelt and Churchill had created the Atlantic Charter at the beginning of the war, promising worldwide ideals such as freedom from fear and want, it was largely ignored during the conference. Each nation was primarily concerned with their own security and economic interests and sought to expand their own “spheres of influence”. The Soviets gained back their lands in the Baltics and Poland, Britain its empire in Asia, and the U.S. several Pacific islands. The leaders also discussed the creation of the United Nations and terms of membership. Finally, Stalin and the Soviets agreed to the invasion of Japan by their forces. It was this agreement that would be one of the reasons for the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan in order to prevent the spread of communist control.
Where: Yalta, Crimea
When: February 1945
Why: The war in Europe was drawing to a close. Allied forces had liberated most of Europe, including France and other smaller nations under German control, and the last reserves of Hitler’s army had been defeated at the Battle of the Bulge. Military plans needed to be made that would see the final surrender of Germany and the end of the war. Even more pressing, the “Big Three” (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) had to decide what to do with the large war-torn territory and populations once controlled by the Axis Powers. This was of utter importance to the United States and Britain, who were greatly against any further Soviet expansion and influence.
Works Cited
DeleteFaragher, John M., Mari J. Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many: A History of the American People; AP Edition. Sixth ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print.
Bonus Army
ReplyDeleteWHO: Around 17,000 World War 1 veterans and their families.
WHAT: A march of veterans and their families to demand payment of their service certificates.
WHEN: The spring and summer of 1932
WHERE: Washington D.C.
WHY: Many of the veterans of World War 1 had been out of work since the start of the Great Depression. The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 assured each of these veterans bonuses in the form of certificates that they could not redeem until 1945. The Bonus Marchers demanded an immediate payment of their certificates as many of them needed the money to survive.
Flappers
ReplyDeleteWomen who lived between 1920-1929 who broke social conventions by wearing skirts that were above the knee, drinking alcohol, listening to jazz and dancing the Charleston. Other social norms these women flaunted were taboos against smoking, driving automobiles and wearing excessive amounts of makeup. These women are famous also for their short haircuts and exploration of their sexuality. Flappers were found all across the nation, but especially in large cities, they often frequented speakeasies. Women who matched the description of a flapper are thought to have acted this way in the 1920's as a result of new freedoms gained for women with the right to vote in 1920. The 1920's were a more liberal time, so young women would have been eager to explore their new freedoms and push the boundaries men had imposed upon them. Though often portrayed as just "party girls" or looking for a good time, flappers proved instrumental in reshaping the role of women and their dress prior to the Great Depression.
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ReplyDeleteSupreme Court Packing
DeleteWHO: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Supreme Court
WHAT: During FDR's first term as president, the Supreme Court struck down several provisions and statutes included in New Deal programs, including the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Railroad Retirement Act, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act. FDR was frustrated, and he retaliated these actions with his proposal to Congress for legislation that would expand the number of justices (nine to a maximum of fifteen). Many denounced this action taken by FDR, yet he continued to urge congress to enact this process and order. In the end, congress and FDR compromised, and FDR backed down. A compromise bill issued lower court procedures, the Supreme Court remained untouched, and FDR’s judiciary proposal was denied. While FDR’s battle may have won the war for a more responsive court, the relations between president and congress were weakened.
WHEN: February 1937 to August 1937. FDR backed down in August.
WHERE: The Supreme Court was located in Washington D.C. These judiciary proposals, however, were brought to the attention of the whole nation.
WHY: FDR’s proposal for the expansion of justices in the Supreme Court would empower FDR to make a new appointment whenever a justice reached the age of seventy. Roosevelt argued that age weakened a justice’s ability to maintain their position and normally handle the workload. However, FDR’s true intentions really sprung from his mere frustration of the Supreme Court declaring several of his New Deal policies unconstitutional. He strived to maintain a balance of power between the three branches of federal government.
Kristallnacht
ReplyDeleteWho: Nazi gangs, affecting the Jewish
What: Named after the shattering glass throughout Germany and even Austria, groups of Nazi's destroyed and burned thousands of Jewish properties and people. Much of the Jewish towns and streets were demolished. The devastating two days shocked most of Western Europe and the United States, but unfortunately, not much was done to support the German Jews.
When: November 9–10, 1938
Where: Jewish-packed cities throughout Germany and parts of Austria
Why: As the Nazi government rose to power, tensions toward the Jewish rose and they were often blamed for the troubled European times. On the 7th, a Jewish student shot a German secretary in Paris. His act is commonly known for instigating the violence of Kristallnacht because it motivated the Nazi party to begin an inflammatory persecution of Jewish Germans.
Fair labor standards act
ReplyDeleteWho: passed by the government, affects the people and companies
What: The fair labor standards act set a minimum wage, maximum week hours/overtime pay (8 hour workday, 40 hour week), and prohibited child labor.
When: 1938
Where: The United States of America economy
Why: The bill was passed to help out the people. Most were working overtime and were getting payed barely enough to even survive. Also, many felt that the children were getting exposed to too many harmful substances and that they were also getting exploited. Many unions were being formed as a result and to help, the government passed the bill.
Henry Ford
ReplyDeleteWho: founder of ford motor company, which created model T
What: Famous for use of assembly lines and the creation of cars
When: 1908 was when the first model T was produced
Where: In Detroit, but affected life thru the country as people could live in suburbs and not just cities anymore.
Why: He changed how societies function, people can live further away from work, do more leisure activities, and it was now easy to go places that were farther away from you.
War Powers Act
ReplyDeleteWho: US Government
What: Legislation that greatly increased the power of the president during times of war.
When: December 1941
Where: Washington DC
Why: FDR felt that he needed to be able to do whatever was necessary to win the war, and this act let him do that.
Who:Richard Wright
ReplyDeleteWhat: Wrote "Native Son" which is a story about 20 year old Bigger Thomas who was a black American and he committed crimes that i can't disclose without spoiling the book
when: March 1, 1940
where: Chicago
why: Significant because it was a book about black Americans at a time where they were not really accepted
Eleanor Roosevelt
ReplyDeleteWho: First Lady of the United States, during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office.
What: She was chairwoman of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women.
When: March 1933 to April 1945.
Where: Washington DC
Why: Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband worked together to better our nation and help fight for women rights. i guess they did it because it was their duty to the us people.
FIRESIDE CHATS
ReplyDeleteWHO: The Fireside Chats were hosted by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
WHAT: The series of radio broadcasts were FDR's method to explain the issues facing the United States and his proposed solutions (his New Deal programs) to them. The goal of the Fireside Chats was to educate the public in a way that would be reassuring, accessible, and understandable.
WHEN: March 12, 1933
WHERE: Everywhere with a radio could access these communications
WHY: FDR used the Fireside Chats to build public support for his administration and to inspire economic growth through reassurance in the private and public sector.
The ATOMIC BOMB
ReplyDeleteWho: created by Robert Oppenheimer and followers
What: a nuclear weapon made from uranium 235, the when used, releases mass amounts of radiation, and results and a detrimental explosion.
When: Created in the mid 1930's, but was not actually finished until a few months before we dropped it on Japan.
Where: They testes the bomb in New Mexico
Why: Einstein had initially just brought up the idea with president, but later got funding and started thge project.