Let's review!! Pick one item from your review sheet, explain it and tell the significance of it. Be detailed and help your classmates out! Test Friday!!!!!
One item from the review is Arminianism. Arminianism challenges the teachings of the Calvinist idea of predestination - meaning that God has predetermined what will happen to each person and who will go to heaven and hell. Arminianism portrays God as more of a rewarding and protective father-figure rather than a punishing ruler, and suggests that individuals have the freedom to make their own decisions and that is what will decide their destiny. Followers believe that God has given them the freedom to be individual.
Beringia When migration to Asia began about 30,000 years ago, a land bridge connecting the continents of North America and Asia allowed the various numbers of hunting-gathering people to cross and reach the Americas. The land bridge, Beringia, ranged from 750 miles wide north to south. Though its existence was marked by the last Ice Age, glaciers did not form in the area because the climate was too dry. Summers were warm and winters were cold but nearly free of snow. This environment suited and attracted large mammals like mammoth and mastodon. It was for these large mammals that small bands of hunter-gatherers migrated across Beringia.
The separatists founded the 1st colony in New England and were also known as the Pilgrims . They believed that they needed to have independence and needed to separate themselves from the corrupt English church. 1620 sailed for America and signed the Mayflower Compact the first document of self government in America. They established Plymouth colony.
An item from the review sheet is coureurs de bois which are "runners of the woods". These coureurs de bois were French-Canadian entrepreneurs and woodsmen who independently traveled in New France and North America. They made trips through and into the woods in search for trade options with Natives. They usually traded various European items for furs, which mostly consisted of beaver pelts. Not only were the coureurs de bois large contributors to the fur trade for the French, they also learned the many practices and trade values of the Natives. Through this these "runners of the woods" possessed many wilderness skills, such as canoeing and hunting
Powhatan-He was the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, which was a sophisticated political system that bound together the native communities of the Chesapeake. At first, he was eager to form an alliance with the colonists from Jamestown, but later realized that the colonists came to invade his people instead. As a result, without Powhatan's aid, more than four hundred colonists starved during the winter of 1609 to 1610, which caused the Virginia Company to commit itself to a war against the Indians. This conflict continued until 1613, when one of Powhatan's daughters was captured, and the next year Powhatan accepted a treaty of peace.
One item from the review sheet was Bacon's Rebellion. This event took place in Virginia during 1675-76. What started as Indian revolts towards the settlers turned into a rebellion against the Virginia government led by Nathaniel Bacon and his followers, caused by resented practices by the governor and the office. The rebellion died out with the death of Nathaniel bacon.
One item on the review sheet is Middle Passage. The middle passage was the transportation of slaves from their homes in Africa across the Atlantic ocean to the Americas. The middle passage was very inhumane. Slaves were packed into compartments usually 6ft long and 30 inches high. They were fed very poor food, had little sanitation and were infested with disease. Many Indians would commit suicide to get out of the torture. On all of the journeys an estimated 1 in 6 slaves died. This journey was concluded when the slaves were sold either invaluably or in groups to colonists in which they would serve for their lifetime. During the passage families and tribes would become separated and never see each other again.
The Great Awakening was a religious revival in colonial America that first began in the Middle Colonies and ended up reaching the Southern Colonies. This idea was all started by Jonathan Edwards, when he believed his community was more focused on wealth, than they were on religion. The Great Awakening lead to more people going to church. In the end the Great Awakening lead to the American Revolution because the idea of freedom from British Control came about and created the right climate for this to happen
One person to remember for the test is Eunice Williams, the daughter of Reverend John Williams. She was kidnapped with her family during the Deerfield Raid on February 29, 1704 and brought to Montréal. Unlike most of the captives who were ransomed, Eunice decided to stay in Canada. A family in Kahnawake adopted her, she converted to Catholicism, took the Iroquois name A’ongonte, and married a Mohawk man in 1713 at age sixteen. She raised her biracial family in New France and did not journey south for fear of being detained until 1739. As her father had died in 1729, she did not reconcile with him, but did so with her brother. Despite her desire to at the end of her life, A’ongonte was not able to visit her family again due to conflicts.
Sources: Faragher, John M., Mari J. Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many; A History of the American People; AP Edition. Sixth ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.
Clans of the Native American tribes were composed of multiple families. Multiple clans made up a tribe. They were led by clan leaders, or chiefs, and a council of elders. The chiefs were responsible for the management of food to separate families. The labor in clans was divided between genders, yet there were weak marriage ties. The growing populations required more food than given, which often led to war between the clans.
The protestant reformation started in 1517 by Martin Luther who was unhappy with the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. He broke off from them, creating a huge reform movement that led to many different protestant denominations of Christianity. One of these were the Calvinists, led by John Calvin, who in England were called the Puritans. These Puritans were persecuted, and in the early to mid 17th century, many of them migrated to the New England colonies.
Many different crops were farmed in colonial North America. Sugar was one of the first; introduced by Christopher Columbus in 1492, it became the most profitable crop of the Caribbean. In the Middle Colonies, famers grew most of the population’s food in the form of wheat, but oats, barley, corn, and rye were also grown in smaller amounts. In the Lower South, instead of food, the main focus was on cash crops. For example, rice and indigo, grown in large quantities on slave plantations, accounted for nearly all of the Lower South’s profits. The most significant crop in North America, however, was tobacco. Grown mainly in the Chesapeake, small scale farmers could more easily produce profitable amounts of it without having to own large plantations and large numbers of slaves. With demand for tobacco increasing more than tenfold in Europe in the eighteenth century, it quickly rose to account for one quarter of the value of colonial exports. It is safe to say that, without tobacco, the British colonies would surely not have seen the huge growth they experienced in the 1700’s.
The term 'feudalism' refers to a social system implemented in Europe during the Middle Ages. There were two variations on this system, the religious and the secular feudal systems. The religious system was headed by the pope, followed in descending order by the bishops, ordained ministers and priests, and finally laypeople. On the other hand, the most powerful rank in the secular system was the king, again followed by lords, vassals and knights, and peasants (serfs). The feudal system was based on an intricate series of relationships between the tiers, each contributing a material good or service to the tiers higher and lower in social standing. Some of the feudal ideas influenced the development of American society, including the pronounced authority of Church figures, colonists' loyalty to the king, and in some areas the greater importance of the Church as compared to secular government.
Slaves new to North America were sold off in three different ways. A whole shipment could be purchased in advance or slaves were sold individually by auction. The third and most common way slaves were sold in Charleston, South Carlonia was through a brutal process called the scramble. Herded into a large corral, slaves with pre-fixed prices would wait for the buyers to rush in and grab those that they wanted. The process was quick and chaotic as men attempted to find the healthiest, strongest slaves to select from the corral. There was no bidding or careful examinations as slaves were quickly prodded, looked at and either rejected or chosen to be purchased.
One item on the review list was Quakers. Quakers were a religious group also known as the Society of Friends. The Society of Friends believed in religious tolerance and pacifism. One of the most well known Quakers is William Penn. When the king of England owed a debt to Penn's father, the king gave the younger Penn a huge piece of land west of the Delaware River. Penn took this land and created what is now Pennsylvania and it was the most welcoming colony of Britain due to the religious tolerance.
The Spanish declared Florida as a refuge for escaped slaves from the British colonies in 1699, in an attempt to weaken the English colonies in the lower south. Free land was offered to the slaves who would help defend the colony. Over the next couple decades, escaped slaves and fugitive Indians established many communities near St. Augustine, and bolstered the ranks of the Spanish military. By 1763, African Americans made up a quarter of the the population of St. Augustine.
The two crops that formed the basic of South Carolina export wealth was rice and indigo. Rice production gained popularity rapidly. In the year 1700 rice 304 pounds of rice was exported to England. In 1775 57,692 pounds of rice was exported (table 2.4 in book). This impacted the slave trade because west Africans were better rice workers than the Natives. In 1740’s Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney adapted was Indian indigo to the South Carolina climate. Since indigo could grow on highlands and rice grew on low lands as well as different seasons of growing they could both be grown on one plantation.
Aztec defeat at the Spaniards Hernan Cortes was perhaps most infamously remembered for his brutal conquest of the Aztecs in current day Mexico. Cortes came to the New World in search of conquest and gold; the Aztecs, who to the Spaniards must have seen rich in gold with their ornately decorated jewelry and stores of riches, viewed the newcomers as arriving gods, and that Cortes himself was the god Quetzalcoatl. They honored Cortes and his men as such, allowed for the Spaniards to infiltrate deep into the Aztec culture, thus turning their hospitality into vulnerability as the Spaniards depleted the Aztec cities of riches and virtually enslaved the Aztecs to do their bidding. The catalyst of the Massacre at the Fiesta of Toxcatl (1520) would only help lead to the ultimate downfall of the Aztec Empire in 1521.
One term on the review sheet was Beringia. Beringia was an ancient land bridge that connected the continentes of Asia and North America. At its widest, Beringia was 1000 miles across. It is one of the theroies of how humans migrated to North America. They were said to have started in Asia and migrated after the melting of the ice age.
The great migration was when early humans crossed the land bridge Beringia into the Americas. They soon spread throughout the Americas from coast to coast forming their own cultures and clans. It is significant because these were the first people to live in the Americas.
The Renaissance was a time of artistic and intellectual revival that occurred after the Middle Ages. As feudalism gave way to the vast empires of Europe, the Romans and Greeks were rediscovered. The people of the Renaissance saw their greatness and tried to bring it back by imitating their arts, architecture, and interest in academia. They lasted from the 1300's to roughly 1700, with their high point being around 1500 in Italy.
One of the items on the review sheet was the Puritans. The Puritans or separatists, migrated to the colonies from Britain in the early 1600's. They wanted a civilization free of religious persecution. They founded the first permanent British settlement in the colonies, Jamestown, in 1609. They wanted the freedom to practice their own religion and created societies where religion and government were closely tied.
One term from the review sheet is separatists. The separatists were English Christians in the 16th and 17th century that disliked the church of England and wanted to "separate from them." They ultimately wanted to form local churches, and were lead politically by Oliver Cromwell.
Bacons Rebellion- Led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676. Bacon gathered several fellow Virginian men to mount an assault against the governor, William Berkeley. They were mad because the governor had promised protection from Native American hostilities, but had failed to deliver because of trade agreements that the governor had made with the Native American tribes. Bacon died from sickness pretty quickly after the rebellion got in full swing, and as soon as he did, the rebellion died with him. This is significant because it showed a clear need for a strong centralized government that had the capability to deal with domestic threats states were unable to handle on their own.
Beringia- Beringia is a giant piece of land (Land Bridge) stretching from Siberia to North Western America. During the ice age the water levels went down immensely. Allowing this piece of land to be inhabited. People from Asia traveled along this piece of land to settle in North America. Moving all along the west coast to Mexico and as far east as possible. Beringia helped start settlement and the start of civilization in the americas.
One item from the review is Arminianism. Arminianism challenges the teachings of the Calvinist idea of predestination - meaning that God has predetermined what will happen to each person and who will go to heaven and hell. Arminianism portrays God as more of a rewarding and protective father-figure rather than a punishing ruler, and suggests that individuals have the freedom to make their own decisions and that is what will decide their destiny. Followers believe that God has given them the freedom to be individual.
ReplyDeleteBeringia
ReplyDeleteWhen migration to Asia began about 30,000 years ago, a land bridge connecting the continents of North America and Asia allowed the various numbers of hunting-gathering people to cross and reach the Americas. The land bridge, Beringia, ranged from 750 miles wide north to south. Though its existence was marked by the last Ice Age, glaciers did not form in the area because the climate was too dry. Summers were warm and winters were cold but nearly free of snow. This environment suited and attracted large mammals like mammoth and mastodon. It was for these large mammals that small bands of hunter-gatherers migrated across Beringia.
The separatists founded the 1st colony in New England and were also known as the Pilgrims . They believed that they needed to have independence and needed to separate themselves from the corrupt English church. 1620 sailed for America and signed the Mayflower Compact the first document of self government in America. They established Plymouth colony.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteAn item from the review sheet is coureurs de bois which are "runners of the woods". These coureurs de bois were French-Canadian entrepreneurs and woodsmen who independently traveled in New France and North America. They made trips through and into the woods in search for trade options with Natives. They usually traded various European items for furs, which mostly consisted of beaver pelts. Not only were the coureurs de bois large contributors to the fur trade for the French, they also learned the many practices and trade values of the Natives. Through this these "runners of the woods" possessed many wilderness skills, such as canoeing and hunting
ReplyDeletePowhatan-He was the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, which was a sophisticated political system that bound together the native communities of the Chesapeake. At first, he was eager to form an alliance with the colonists from Jamestown, but later realized that the colonists came to invade his people instead. As a result, without Powhatan's aid, more than four hundred colonists starved during the winter of 1609 to 1610, which caused the Virginia Company to commit itself to a war against the Indians. This conflict continued until 1613, when one of Powhatan's daughters was captured, and the next year Powhatan accepted a treaty of peace.
ReplyDeleteOne item from the review sheet was Bacon's Rebellion. This event took place in Virginia during 1675-76. What started as Indian revolts towards the settlers turned into a rebellion against the Virginia government led by Nathaniel Bacon and his followers, caused by resented practices by the governor and the office. The rebellion died out with the death of Nathaniel bacon.
ReplyDeleteOne item on the review sheet is Middle Passage. The middle passage was the transportation of slaves from their homes in Africa across the Atlantic ocean to the Americas. The middle passage was very inhumane. Slaves were packed into compartments usually 6ft long and 30 inches high. They were fed very poor food, had little sanitation and were infested with disease. Many Indians would commit suicide to get out of the torture. On all of the journeys an estimated 1 in 6 slaves died. This journey was concluded when the slaves were sold either invaluably or in groups to colonists in which they would serve for their lifetime. During the passage families and tribes would become separated and never see each other again.
ReplyDeleteThe Great Awakening was a religious revival in colonial America that first began in the Middle Colonies and ended up reaching the Southern Colonies. This idea was all started by Jonathan Edwards, when he believed his community was more focused on wealth, than they were on religion. The Great Awakening lead to more people going to church. In the end the Great Awakening lead to the American Revolution because the idea of freedom from British Control came about and created the right climate for this to happen
ReplyDeleteOne person to remember for the test is Eunice Williams, the daughter of Reverend John Williams. She was kidnapped with her family during the Deerfield Raid on February 29, 1704 and brought to Montréal. Unlike most of the captives who were ransomed, Eunice decided to stay in Canada. A family in Kahnawake adopted her, she converted to Catholicism, took the Iroquois name A’ongonte, and married a Mohawk man in 1713 at age sixteen. She raised her biracial family in New France and did not journey south for fear of being detained until 1739. As her father had died in 1729, she did not reconcile with him, but did so with her brother. Despite her desire to at the end of her life, A’ongonte was not able to visit her family again due to conflicts.
ReplyDeleteSources:
DeleteFaragher, John M., Mari J. Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many; A History of the American People; AP Edition. Sixth ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.
Clans of the Native American tribes were composed of multiple families. Multiple clans made up a tribe. They were led by clan leaders, or chiefs, and a council of elders. The chiefs were responsible for the management of food to separate families. The labor in clans was divided between genders, yet there were weak marriage ties. The growing populations required more food than given, which often led to war between the clans.
ReplyDeleteThe protestant reformation started in 1517 by Martin Luther who was unhappy with the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. He broke off from them, creating a huge reform movement that led to many different protestant denominations of Christianity. One of these were the Calvinists, led by John Calvin, who in England were called the Puritans. These Puritans were persecuted, and in the early to mid 17th century, many of them migrated to the New England colonies.
ReplyDeleteMany different crops were farmed in colonial North America. Sugar was one of the first; introduced by Christopher Columbus in 1492, it became the most profitable crop of the Caribbean. In the Middle Colonies, famers grew most of the population’s food in the form of wheat, but oats, barley, corn, and rye were also grown in smaller amounts. In the Lower South, instead of food, the main focus was on cash crops. For example, rice and indigo, grown in large quantities on slave plantations, accounted for nearly all of the Lower South’s profits. The most significant crop in North America, however, was tobacco. Grown mainly in the Chesapeake, small scale farmers could more easily produce profitable amounts of it without having to own large plantations and large numbers of slaves. With demand for tobacco increasing more than tenfold in Europe in the eighteenth century, it quickly rose to account for one quarter of the value of colonial exports. It is safe to say that, without tobacco, the British colonies would surely not have seen the huge growth they experienced in the 1700’s.
ReplyDeleteWorks Cited
DeleteFaragher, John Mack, Mari Jo Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.
Feudalism -
ReplyDeleteThe term 'feudalism' refers to a social system implemented in Europe during the Middle Ages. There were two variations on this system, the religious and the secular feudal systems. The religious system was headed by the pope, followed in descending order by the bishops, ordained ministers and priests, and finally laypeople. On the other hand, the most powerful rank in the secular system was the king, again followed by lords, vassals and knights, and peasants (serfs). The feudal system was based on an intricate series of relationships between the tiers, each contributing a material good or service to the tiers higher and lower in social standing. Some of the feudal ideas influenced the development of American society, including the pronounced authority of Church figures, colonists' loyalty to the king, and in some areas the greater importance of the Church as compared to secular government.
Slaves new to North America were sold off in three different ways. A whole shipment could be purchased in advance or slaves were sold individually by auction. The third and most common way slaves were sold in Charleston, South Carlonia was through a brutal process called the scramble. Herded into a large corral, slaves with pre-fixed prices would wait for the buyers to rush in and grab those that they wanted. The process was quick and chaotic as men attempted to find the healthiest, strongest slaves to select from the corral. There was no bidding or careful examinations as slaves were quickly prodded, looked at and either rejected or chosen to be purchased.
ReplyDeleteOne item on the review list was Quakers. Quakers were a religious group also known as the Society of Friends. The Society of Friends believed in religious tolerance and pacifism. One of the most well known Quakers is William Penn. When the king of England owed a debt to Penn's father, the king gave the younger Penn a huge piece of land west of the Delaware River. Penn took this land and created what is now Pennsylvania and it was the most welcoming colony of Britain due to the religious tolerance.
ReplyDeleteThe Spanish declared Florida as a refuge for escaped slaves from the British colonies in 1699, in an attempt to weaken the English colonies in the lower south. Free land was offered to the slaves who would help defend the colony. Over the next couple decades, escaped slaves and fugitive Indians established many communities near St. Augustine, and bolstered the ranks of the Spanish military. By 1763, African Americans made up a quarter of the the population of St. Augustine.
ReplyDeleteThe two crops that formed the basic of South Carolina export wealth was rice and indigo. Rice production gained popularity rapidly. In the year 1700 rice 304 pounds of rice was exported to England. In 1775 57,692 pounds of rice was exported (table 2.4 in book). This impacted the slave trade because west Africans were better rice workers than the Natives. In 1740’s Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney adapted was Indian indigo to the South Carolina climate. Since indigo could grow on highlands and rice grew on low lands as well as different seasons of growing they could both be grown on one plantation.
ReplyDeleteAztec defeat at the Spaniards
ReplyDeleteHernan Cortes was perhaps most infamously remembered for his brutal conquest of the Aztecs in current day Mexico. Cortes came to the New World in search of conquest and gold; the Aztecs, who to the Spaniards must have seen rich in gold with their ornately decorated jewelry and stores of riches, viewed the newcomers as arriving gods, and that Cortes himself was the god Quetzalcoatl. They honored Cortes and his men as such, allowed for the Spaniards to infiltrate deep into the Aztec culture, thus turning their hospitality into vulnerability as the Spaniards depleted the Aztec cities of riches and virtually enslaved the Aztecs to do their bidding. The catalyst of the Massacre at the Fiesta of Toxcatl (1520) would only help lead to the ultimate downfall of the Aztec Empire in 1521.
One term on the review sheet was Beringia. Beringia was an ancient land bridge that connected the continentes of Asia and North America. At its widest, Beringia was 1000 miles across. It is one of the theroies of how humans migrated to North America. They were said to have started in Asia and migrated after the melting of the ice age.
ReplyDeleteGreat Migration-
ReplyDeleteThe great migration was when early humans crossed the land bridge Beringia into the Americas. They soon spread throughout the Americas from coast to coast forming their own cultures and clans. It is significant because these were the first people to live in the Americas.
The Renaissance was a time of artistic and intellectual revival that occurred after the Middle Ages. As feudalism gave way to the vast empires of Europe, the Romans and Greeks were rediscovered. The people of the Renaissance saw their greatness and tried to bring it back by imitating their arts, architecture, and interest in academia. They lasted from the 1300's to roughly 1700, with their high point being around 1500 in Italy.
ReplyDeleteOne of the items on the review sheet was the Puritans. The Puritans or separatists, migrated to the colonies from Britain in the early 1600's. They wanted a civilization free of religious persecution. They founded the first permanent British settlement in the colonies, Jamestown, in 1609. They wanted the freedom to practice their own religion and created societies where religion and government were closely tied.
ReplyDeleteOne term from the review sheet is separatists. The separatists were English Christians in the 16th and 17th century that disliked the church of England and wanted to "separate from them." They ultimately wanted to form local churches, and were lead politically by Oliver Cromwell.
ReplyDeleteThey believed that they had been elected by god for salvation.
ReplyDeleteBacons Rebellion- Led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676. Bacon gathered several fellow Virginian men to mount an assault against the governor, William Berkeley. They were mad because the governor had promised protection from Native American hostilities, but had failed to deliver because of trade agreements that the governor had made with the Native American tribes. Bacon died from sickness pretty quickly after the rebellion got in full swing, and as soon as he did, the rebellion died with him. This is significant because it showed a clear need for a strong centralized government that had the capability to deal with domestic threats states were unable to handle on their own.
ReplyDeleteBeringia- Beringia is a giant piece of land (Land Bridge) stretching from Siberia to North Western America. During the ice age the water levels went down immensely. Allowing this piece of land to be inhabited. People from Asia traveled along this piece of land to settle in North America. Moving all along the west coast to Mexico and as far east as possible. Beringia helped start settlement and the start of civilization in the americas.
ReplyDelete